Articles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Articles - Essay Example Competence was a study aimed at determining prejudice based on the high competency associated with Asian Americans and sociability studies depicted the way in which social framework diminish the significance of Asian Americans (Monica et.al, 2005). The article realized that the most appropriate correspondents to use were University students as it selected correspondents from three campuses. In addition, the article focused on theory findings and disregarded practical findings as it would have minimized the effectiveness of data obtained from the correspondents. From the article, sociability recorded the most number of causes of prejudice against Asian Americans as competency was a cause to few correspondents. The main reason for this direction on the data collected is the fact that Americans have a social system that tends to exclude other races from its fit. The article also realized that most respondents appreciate the competency level of Asian Americans. With the change in perception from social system this problem would be solved. This article focuses on analyzing the depth at which Asian Americans are prejudiced and discriminated in the modern day American society. The article mainly focuses on comparing the perception towards Asian Americans to other minority groups such as Jews the blacks. The article also creates a summary of the history of prejudice towards Asian Americans and the reason as to why laws do favor the creation of equal treatment towards Asian Americans. The article uses data from already done research on the same problem. The article argues that among all existing groups in America, Asian Americans were held with the least regards if compared to blacks, Jews, Hispanics and whites (Weaver, 2012). This is based on the assumption that Asian Americans consist of the lowest population among the cited groups considering the massive number of the Blacks, Jews, Hispanics and the White. In addition, media activism exclude the fact that

Modern times Essay Example for Free

Modern times Essay Janie Crawford, a free spirited individual, is the main character in the book â€Å"Their Eye’s Were Watching God† which was written by Zora Neale Hurston. It should also be noted that Hurston was an anthropologist because of the book’s historically accurate perception of the expectations black women lived up to during that time. The story unfolds around Janie’s life and how she fought against the male oppression she endured in her two marriages all the while trying to define herself as her own person. This oppression she endured with her marriages shows the influences and ideas that men had over women during that time period. If someone was to look at this novel in the perspective of an anthropologist you would have to say that it is a fictional novel with historical merit of how life was for women in the South during the 1920’s. The story scenes centers on a town and its citizens that was created as a black community. Not only was there oppression but also exploitation that Janie had to endure. In her first marriage to Killicks this was shown when he intended to put his wife in the field working the plows. Janie is powerless and without free will. â€Å"Ain’t got no particular place. It’s wherever† (31), Killicks claims. Killicks always was able to shut her up when he felt she was trying to assert herself. A good example was when he used derogatory threats against her family when she tried to talk about their marriage while shoveling manure. Then when the scorn wasn’t enough to keep her quiet the threat of physical violence began to be used. â€Å"Don’t you change too many words wid me dis mawnin’, Janie, do Ah’ll take and change ends wid yuh†¦Ah’ll take holt uh dat ax and come in dere and kill yuh! † (31). Joe Starks, her second husband, also exploited Janie by working her in his store. He seemed to silence her voice all too often. There were many times he would point out that she was just a trophy wife of someone in authority. Janie seems to be bothered by the high stool that Joe insists she sit on and when I first read that part I envisioned a child being punished. For this marriage silence is golden, on the part of the wife. The first time Joe quieted her, Janie said it left her feeling cold. When he refused to allow her to speak at his election for mayor she felt that it took, â€Å"the bloom off of things†. At the elections Tony Taylor wanted Janie to speak, â€Å"uh few words uh encouragement from Mrs. Mayor Starks,† that is when Joe takes the floor and says, â€Å"mah wife don’t know nothin’ ‘bout no speech makin’. Ah never married her for nothin’ lak dat. She’s un woman and her place is in de home† (42). A belief that held true for sometime even in today’s world. It was interesting that Stark used verbal cues to make Janie shut up and be obedience using her looks or intelligence as tools for his oppression. If you were to ask any battered woman today they too would say how insults and put downs helped in breaking their self esteem in order for their oppressor to gain control. In Janie’s first marriage violence was always just a threat; in her marriage to Stark it became real. Stark beat her over a poorly cooked dinner once (68) and for insulting his sexual abilities he struck â€Å"Janie with all his might† driving â€Å"her from the store† (77). Killicks on his last day with Janie threatens to kill her, Stark when bedridden and helpless wishes â€Å"thunder and lightnin’ would kill her! † (83). Violence goes hand and hand with oppression and exploitation. The threat of violence physical or verbal has consequences that follow the victim throughout their lives. Janie was basically just property in the eyes of her men. To do whatever their bidding and was often thought of as no better than a mule. There was one part of the book where it talked of a man that did not like to beat his wife because he felt it was just like stepping on baby chicks. He used empathy instead of moral rights as to why men shouldn’t beat their women. Are women thought of as just baby chicks or mules? The answer is yes and still can be applied in modern times.

Alzheimer’s Disease Essay examples -- Alzheimers Disease Essays

Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting memory, cognitive and non-cognitive functions. Studies show that most cases of Alzheimer’s disease pertains to people who are 60 years of age or older; meanwhile, 80% of these cases are due to genetics. The risk of one having Alzheimer’s disease varies with their age and ethnicity. That being said, some elders are obtaining this disease in very late life, nearing their 90’s. The gene that is usually responsible for Alzheimer ’s disease (AD) is the Apolipoprotein E (APOE gene) which gets its name from encoding for the protein Apolipoprotein. It is on chromosome 19 and has three main alleles on the gene that seem to be responsible for this disease. They are: ÃŽ µ2, containing cysteine at position 112 and arginine at position 158 of the gene, ÃŽ µ3 containing cysteine at both 112 and 158 positions, and ÃŽ µ4 containing arginine at both 112 and 158 positions of the gene. The APOE ÃŽ µ4 allele is the disease’s most prevalent allele. The APOE ÃŽ µ4 allele is the disease’s most prevalent allele. The function of this gene is to regulate cholesterol and triglyceride metabolisms. This shows it is not only coincidental that high cholesterol and diabetes lead to late-onset Alzheimer’s. The APOE ÃŽ µ4 allele was tested and discovered to be so dangerous in 1993. Since, many more studies have been completed on this allele and it has been known to be the main cause of Alzheimer’s disease. Once all the human genotype was known after using the Human Genome Project, a microarray system used to study over 80 percent of the Caucasian genome for association signals called the 500K GeneChip from Affymetrix was created. This microarray kit was used to confirm that using high-density single nuc... ...sion, the results point researchers in the right direction proving that late on-set Alzheimer’s is very closely related to this APOE locus, especially the ÃŽ µ4 allele. Further studies may also show that this allele will likely contribute to other diseases as well. With the use of ultra-high density genome, further associations will be made regarding the link between late on-set Alzheimer’s and the APOE locus. Works Cited Coon, Keith D. Ph.D.; Amanda J. Myers, Ph.D.; David W. Craig, Ph.D.; Jennifer A. Webster, B.A.; John V. Pearson, B.Sc.; Diane Hu Lince, Ph.D.; Victoria L. Zismann, M.S.; Thomas G. Beach, M.D.; Doris Leung, M.D. â€Å"A High-Density Whole-Genome Association Study Reveals That APOE Is the Major Susceptibility Gene for Sporadic Late-Onset Alzheimer’s Disease.† Physicians Post Graduate Press. J Clin Psychiatry 68:4, April 2007: 613-618. (Print)

The Wandering of King Lear’s Mother Essay -- King Lear Essays

The Wandering of King Lear’s Mother After he experiences all kinds of humiliation done by Goneril, and finds his messenger Kent in the stocks, King Lear, in Act 2 Scene 4, conjures up the â€Å"mother† to express his outburst of rage and physical symptom sensations: O! how this mother swells up toward my heart; Hysterica passio! down, thou climbing sorrow! Thy element’s below. Where is this daughter? (II.iv.56-58) Who is this â€Å"mother†? Or what is this â€Å"mother†? As many critics have identified, this â€Å"mother† is another name for the womb, matrix, or uterus. That the â€Å"mother swells up† points to the disease called hysteria. Yet, who is responsible for the rise or wandering of Lear’s â€Å"mother†? Does Lear experience some sort of gender confusion by conjuring up the â€Å"mother†? As Janet Adelman keenly points out, â€Å"The bizarreness of these lines has not always been appreciated; in them Lear quite literally acknowledges the presence of the sulphurous pit within him† (114). But still why do we want to focus on this â€Å"mother† after all? One thing is certain that the (m)othering of the â€Å"mother† is overwhelmingly sophisticated, to the extent that the â€Å"mother† is located in the inside of Lear’s body and her implicated wanderings can be traced throughout the whole play. For our purpose, the â€Å"mother† holds significant clues to our interpretive enterprise and her (m)othering must be handled with extreme care. 1. Introduction In Renaissance England, medical interest in hysteria dates from Edward Jorden’s publication of A Briefe Discourse of a Disease called the Suffocation of the Mother (1603). The title of the book suggests the disease called the â€Å"m... ... to bolster up male identity. Works Cited Adelman, Janet. Suffocating Mothers: Fantasies of Maternal Origin in Shakespeare’s Plays, Hamlet to The Tempest. New York: Routledge, 1992. Camden, Carroll. â€Å"The Suffocation of The Mother.† Modern Language Notes, 63.6 (June., 1948), 390-393. Jorden, Edward. A Briefe Discourse of a Disease Called the Suffocation of the Mother (London 1603). In Witchcraft and Hysteria in Elizabethan London. Ed. & introd. Michael MacDonald. London: Tavistock/Routledge, 1991. Shakespeare, William. King Lear. The Arden Shakespeare. Ed. Kenneth Muir. London: Methuen, 1972. Notes 1 As Carroll Camden argues, â€Å"Apparently a male who presented choking as a nervous symptom was, by analogy, said to be suffering from the same disease† (393). Carroll Camden, Modern Language Notes (June 1948).

Malacca Essay

The Tourism Society of England was define the Tourism as that is is a temporary, short-term movement of people to destination outside the places which they work and do their activities during their stay at each destination, it includes movement for all purposes. Tourism is a major income of Malaysia, so every year, the government will organize a strategy for the particular destination, and there have some them of project for the promoting the destination like â€Å"Cuti-Cuti Malaysia†. In Malaysia, the Ministry of Tourism is put a lot of effort to do the developing for all the destinations and the government also allocate a big sum budget to supporting the development of tourism. The attraction of Malaysia’s tourism is the culture and its mystery natural places due to it have a lot of natural rain forest and it is a multiracial society. (Please refer to Appendix A) Malacca is a historical city and it is worth to the tourist for visiting its interesting history and architecture. In Malaysia, Malacca is the only one historical state which listed on UNESCO (United National Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization) since 7th July 2008. Malacca is located at southern region of Malay Peninsula; it is the third smallest state in Malaysia, after Perlis and Penang. It is the most mystery history from all states of Malaysia. It is consider convenient to go Kuala Lumpur or Johor Bahru due to iti is located middle between them, it is just taking around one and half hour to reach them. Malacca can be separated into three parts – Central Malacca, Alor Gajah, and Jasin. It has a lot of history attraction, such as Fort A Famosa, Christ Church, Jonker Walk, Stadhuys, Portuges Settlement and so on. It also got a lot of activities can let tourist enjoy it like Dark Tour, River Cruise, and Water Sport at A Famosa and Wondeland Theme Park which is just opening since June 2010. It is very convenient to the tourist it visit the place due to almost the attractions are nearby and in one place, like Jonker Walk, Christ Church and the shopping malls (Dataran Phalawan and Mahkota Parade)are in one area, so it is convenient to the tourists. And it also easy to the tourists. And it also easy to tourists to find the hotels for their stays , because a lot of hotels are developed in Malacca, such as Equatorial, Holiday Inn, Bayview, Emperor Hotel and so on. The most famous thing of Malacca is its Baba Nyonya culture and foods, a lot of tourist come and visit Malacca because of its traditional Baba Nyonya food. It is not only attracting the foreign tourist, and it also attracts the local tourists who are come from different states.

Guns, Germs, and Steel essays

Guns, Germs, and Steel essays Guns, Germs, Steel, and controversy: Diamonds unique look at evolution and history. Through out Guns, Germs, and Steel, Jared Diamond attempts to explain the dominance of certain ethnicities. The backbone to this book and the questions that Diamond asks and answers, stem from a question asked of him in 1972 by a local politician in New Guinea named Yali. Our conversation began with a subject then on every New Guineans mind the rapid pace of political developments. What Yali wanted to know was why New Guinea and other cultures around the world seemed behind in technology. Why were the Europeans the dominant force in the world? Why is it that you white people developed so much cargo and brought it to New Guinea, but we black people had little cargo of our own? As Diamond puts it, Yalis question can be stretched out to not just the whites and New Guineans, but most of the world and whites. Why did wealth and power become distributed as they now are, rather than in some other way? For instance, why werent native Americans, Africans, and Aboriginal Australian s the ones who decimated, subjugated, or exterminated Europeans and Asians? In the next 400 pages, Diamond does everything to convince the reader of all the agricultural and environmental reasons for this, while trying to bury the old theory of intellectual racism. That is, the belief that Europeans and Asians have a naturally higher intellect. After reading I found that his theory of environment and agriculture had a very strong base to it and made a lot of sense. He makes his points clear and very factual, using examples throughout history and his own personal life in some instances to hammer his point home. However Im a little skeptic of him disregarding at all the possibility of a certain race being inherently smarter than another. Although he makes a few points towards his theory, he dodges it for the...

The Environment and Context of Leadership Essay Example

The Environment and Context of Leadership Essay Example The Environment and Context of Leadership Paper The Environment and Context of Leadership Paper According to Brickfield, (2011 ) the need to operate effectively and efficiently is vital to any organization, and is increasing exponentially as organizations evolve to meet the changing demands of the future. Over the past decade, increased recognition, acknowledgement and research has focused on the context of which leadership is developed for the 21st century, as it involves more than just developing individual leaders . This research paper will identify four major trends in the context of leadership. There will be a discussion of why these trends are significant as they pertain to the current business environment. There will also be a review of how these trends affect dervish, in addition to recommendations to approaches for leadership strategy. Globalization Significance and Leadership Influences A study conducted by Bernstein, (2009) concluded one of the most significant leadership trends is globalization, as companies every. Veer are modifying business plans to expand internationally. In todays environment, globalization is an ongoing process of interdependence and integration of economies, societies and culture. Terrible (2013) describes globalization as a multicultural, burgeoning hybrid Of cultures in a borderless world -? one Of sigh chaos and continuous change as if it (the world) were a single entity. As a result of such, companies have to transition from hierarchical, top down leadership models to inclusive, participatory leadership styles. Current business trends have the requirement for 21 SST century leadership to have a global perspective; one that embraces cultural differences and diversity, one that looks beyond immediate geography in an effort to resolve issues. When consideration is given to this concept, the reality of globalization may be characterized as a world that has become so interconnected, that the only ay to succeed is through competition with everyone, everywhere for everything. According to Maidenhead et al (2008), global organizations face complexity with respect to the dynamics of interdependence, ambiguity, flux and multiplicity. These forces drive an increased need for global leadership competencies that enable them to respond and lead effectively. Strategies for Global Leadership The demonstration of a unique set of leadership competencies is significant in fulfilling the role of a global leader. The potential competencies suggested by Terrible (2013) are duly noted but not inclusive: cultural wariness and sensitivity is reflected in the awareness of, sensitivity, understanding, adaptation, and the desire to learn Of different cultures. Providing the tools and knowledge to enhance global leadership ability is a strategy that should also be noted. The utilization of various approaches to determine what works best is an approach practitioners may use to encourage global leadership competency. Global leaders that take ownership and responsibility for learning and development are more likely to learn more than those who rely solely on organizational training and development (Terrible, (2013). This responsibility is typically represented through the identification of learning needs, goal setting and the adjustments to maximize learning potential. The final recommended global leadership strategy is a personal favorite: to integrate intuitive, ad hoc learning approaches and structured global leadership development strategies. Whereas much of the global leadership learning and development is from experience and business challenges, the combination of a leaders ability to intuitively learn through engagement and predisposition is also recommended. Technological Savvy An article posted in the Forbes business section (Forbes. M) last year predicted that the marriage of technology and social media will be likened to an appliance in organizations. This concept is easily understood: in recent years many organizations have downsized on-site IT opting for the Cloud. As more employees bring their own technological devices to work, the role of IT adjusts to strategic counselor versus a cost and procurement center. Moreover, a trend that has rapidly become an integral aspect of leadership effectiveness in todays current environment is tech nological sway (Berlin et al, 201 1). Technology facilitates communication regardless of physical/ geographical boundaries, making virtual leadership a reality that will only increase -? and whereas many good leadership principles remain unchanged regardless of the technology, technological advancement presents a new challenge for leadership. For example many leaders have a leadership skill set with heavy reliance on presence and personality, which do not translate well with electronic communication. Strategies for Leadership In the past, leadership were often able to rely on their leadership traits to give them the edge but todays environment calls for the need to improve communication skills using modern tools (leadership 501 . Mom). One strategy recommended is development of the ability to communicate well through written word, as those that do not may find themselves at a disadvantage. In preparation for the future leaders should make a conscience effort to develop strong writing skills; understand the difference forms of electronic communication and; understand the culture of different forms of electronic communication. It is additionally important for leadership to understand how the intelligent use of how new technology can enhance business functions, and to be positive role models in leading the use of technology (Longing, 201 1). This concept is especially true in consideration that many young future leaders have been brought up with technology and view it as a part of their lives. A few years ago it was merely important just to understand new communication technology and the Internet. Now this is a pre-requisite for managing global teams and understanding consumer behavior and opinions. Today, technological sway has become a key competency for the global leader of the future. New and rapid technological advances insist that leaders need not be experts themselves, but must know enough to be able to recognize and evaluate the potential of any new technology. Multi-l_bevel dervish Development Significance and Influences Leadership during the past fifty years mostly focused on individual leadership but over the last decade this model has become less effective, transitioning to a more collective and collaborative model. Some research even suggests that the ability to lead effectively triples in importance to a leaders career success than other skills and knowledge (Boston. Com). The demands for growth and change to ensure organizations have the right global leadership talent in the right place, at the right time has become increasingly challenging. An approach to achieving this objective calls for defining a new global leader through developing strategies, systems and processes across organizations to build the global leadership pipeline (Mercer et al, 2009). Leadership development solutions thus need to evolve as a process instead of one time event. In order to maintain lasting and substantial benefits, leadership learning experiences must be applicable to real organizational issues; they must take place in small collaborative cohorts (Berlin et al, 201 1). This style of learning simulates how leaders work together in the workplace under both formal and informal situations. Berlin et al (2011) also posits effective leadership development insists on the provision of ongoing learning opportunities to learn from their work as opposed to taking them away from their work to learn. Strategies Recommended As the information revolution has changed the work environment, the ability to adapt is a key component that divides outstanding organizations from the rest. The recommendations for meeting this challenge may be accomplished through aligning core leadership competencies with new business needs. Washington (2013) recommends five leadership competencies: external awareness; talent management; self awareness; legation and; decision making. These competencies will challenge the leader on three levels: cognitive, emotional and behavioral. Current leadership trends calls for new forms of contextual awareness based on strong conceptual and strategic thinking abilities. A new form of intellectual openness and the ability to conceptualize in an unprecedented manner is needed. Leadership should increase sensitivity to diverse genders, generations and cultures, and have the ability to tolerate higher levels Of ambiguity. Businesses must ensure that all leaders are trained in the practices of creating a culture of trust, openness and cross generational elaboration in an effort to build and maintain a cross-functional task network. Leadership development systems encourage a number of leadership practices. Thinking like a leader, gaining results through others and engaging people are just a few of the most critical people-leadership competencies (Boston. Com). Through staying engaged, leadership may effectively leverage new trends, tactics and tools to gain the competitive edge. Organizations may successfully create a leadership brand through the creation of competency models that reflect the future strategy of the business. Berlin (2011) posits that a multi-level, innovative approach to dervish development continues to be one of the most important initiatives in our challenging business environment. Curriculum designs that implements coaching and mentoring; on the job/field assignments; action learning; simulation; assessments; virtual learning and; networking is the recommended strategy. This strategy relies on targeted solutions that hone leadership skills at every level to drive business results. Multi-Generational Leadership A leadership trend that cannot be ignored is the generational shift underway in todays workforce that some project will lead to a crisis, particularly in American businesses Monsoon, 2007). This workforce change is certain to create a shortage of experienced leaders at the precise time that large enterprises are becoming increasingly difficult to manage. These changes are due to basic demographics, structural changes in organizations and generational attitudes and behaviors. In like manner, this demographic trend is determined by the large numbers of workers now reaching retirement age leaving fewer workers to replace them. As the baby boomers generation retires, the next two generations will be leading, planning, organizing and controlling the workforce. According to the U. S. Census data, nearly 1 million Millennial enter the workforce each year and by the year 2020, forty percent (40%) of the U. S. Workforce will be comprised of Millennial. Moreover, Millennial are projected to have the competitive advantage because of their technological proficiencies, and those with graduate degrees are more likely to stay at their organizations than those without (Okapi et al, 2012). Strategies for Development Organizations that understand this demographic trend should take immediate steps to first retain their senior leaders; attract the next level of top level leadership and; cultivate a new generation of leaders. As Millennial enter and assume leadership roles in Organizations, it becomes more imperative for organizations to learn about their organizational commitment level and job satisfaction levels; accordingly this population demands accountability, transparency and change (Johnson, 2007). Those that fail to acknowledge and respond to these dynamics may find it increasingly difficult to compete in the global marketplace. Management in todays workforce has a significant role in the development of the next generation of leadership.

De Algemene wet bestuursrecht Essay Example

De Algemene wet bestuursrecht Essay Example De Algemene wet bestuursrecht Essay De Algemene wet bestuursrecht Essay De Algemene moisture bestuursrecht, de sanctiemogelijkheden Gemeenten kunnen handhavend optreden tegen ongewenst gedrag of strafbare gedragingen. De Algemene wet bestuursrecht ( Awb ) geeft de gemeenten een uitgebreid instrumentarium in handen om handhavend en sanctionerend op Te treden. In de Algemene wet bestuursrecht staan sancties, t.w. Bestuursdwang Last onder dwangsom Bestuurlijke boete Gedeeltelijk of geheel intrekken new wave een vergunning ( begunstigende beschikking ) Vanaf 2010 is heated voor gemeenten mogelijk de bestuurlijke strafbeschikking toe Te passen. Bij algemene maatregel new wave bestuur kan de gemeente ( het bestuursorgaan ) de bevoegdheid worden verleend een strafbeschikking uit Te vaardigen. Verschillende wetten regelen de strafbaarheid van bepaalde gedragingen, vitamin D bestuurlijke strafbeschikking kan door de gemeente worden toegepast om middels sanctie ( boete, dwangsom ) de wet- nut regelgeving te handhaven. Bestuursdwang Artikel 5:21 Awb Begrip last onder bestuursdwang Onder last onder bestuursdwang wordt verstaan: de herstelsanctie. Een herstelactie houdt in ; een last tot geheel of gedeeltelijk herstel new wave de overtreding ; en de bevoegdheid van de gemeente ( bestuursorgaan ) om de last door feitelijk handelen 10 uitvoer Te leggen indien de last niet of niet tijdig wordt uitgevoerd. Dat betekent: ALSs die last niet of niet tijdig wordt uitgevoerd, dan kan de burgemeester de last door feitelijk handelen zelf 10 uitvoer leggen Het door of namens de gemeente ( bestuursorgaan ) optreden tegen hetgeen in strijd met, bij of krachtens enig wettelijk voorschrift gestelde verplichtingen is of wordt gedaan, gehouden of nagelaten Dat betekent digital audiotape het bestuursorgaan opdracht ka geven aan derden om feitelijk op Te treden tegen bijvoorbeeld een bouwwerk ( schuur, car port etc. ) digital audiotape in strijd is gebouwd met de wet- en regelgeving. Kortom ; Het bestuursorgaan ( de gemeente ) gebruikt de bestuursdwang om de overtreder van wet- en regelgeving te bewegen de overtreding, de ongewenste situatie ongedaan Te maken. Dat gebeurt met dwang, nl. de dreiging digital audiotape de overheid digital audiotape anders zelf doet of laat doen op kosten van de overtreder. Eigenlijk waarschuwt het bestuursorgaan de overtreder: zorg digital audiotape de zaak weer ongedaan gemaakt wordt, anders doen wij het op jou kosten De last onder bestuursdwang is eigenlijk een aankondiging digital audiotape de gemeente last heeft new wave een illegale situatie en de overtreder daarop aanspreekt en hem ook direct verteld wat Er gaat gebeuren ALSs de overtreder niet doet wat het bestuursorgaan hem zegt. Een duidelijke nut relatief eenvoudige manier new wave bestuursrechtelijke handhaven. Wie zijn bevoegd tot het aankondigen new wave de dwangsom? Artikel 125 Gemeentewet Het gemeentebestuur is bevoegd tot toepassing new wave bestuursdwang. De bevoegdheid tot toepassing new wave bestuursdwang wordt uitgeoefend door het college, indien de toepassing new wave bestuursdwang dient tot handhaving new wave regels welke heated gemeentebestuur uitvoert. Artikel 122 Provinciewet Het provinciebestuur is bevoegd tot oplegging new wave een last onder bestuursdwang. De bevoegdheid tot oplegging new wave een last onder bestuursdwang wordt uitgeoefend door gedeputeerde staten, indien de last dient tot handhaving new wave regels welke heated provinciebestuur uitvoert. Het toepassen new wave bestuursdwang is een duidelijk handhavinginstrument. Gemeenten, maar ook provincies ( bestuursorganen ) kunnen bestuursdwang gebruiken tegen ongewenste/illegale situaties en/of overtredingen new wave wetten en verordeningen. Voorbeeld: Iemand heeft zonder toestemming en/of vergunning een car port gebouwd. Door het toepassen new wave bestuursdwang kan dit illegale bouwwerk worden be amp ; euml ; indigd. En moet de overtreder de situatie herstellen en terugkeren in de oude situatie. Er new wave uitgaande digital audiotape de oude situatie overeenstemt met wet- en regelgeving. Dus het afbreken new wave de illegaal gebouwde car port. Voorwaarden bestuursdwang: Het bestuursorgaan is wel verplicht om de overtreder schriftelijk in kennis Te stellen van zijn/haar overtreding. Zon brief aan de overtreder noemen we een aanschrijving. Die aanschrijving kan ook omschreven worden ALSs ; ambtshalve toezenden new wave een mededeling of een schriftelijk cant . Daarin moet de gemeente of provincie ( bestuursorgaan ) aangeven dat binnen een bepaalde termijn, waar binnen de overtreder de illegale situatie zelf kan opheffen, niet zal overgaan tot actie. Is die vermelde termijn verstreken dan zal het bestuursorgaan overgegaan tot het treffen new wave maatregelen om de illegale situatie op Te heffen. De schriftelijke beslissing ( aanschrijving ) is een beschikking in de zin van de Algemene moisture bestuursrecht, waartegen de overtreder bezwaar kan aantekenen en beroep kan instellen. Last onder dwangsom Een last onder dwangsom is een handhavingmiddel digital audiotape bijvoorbeeld gemeenten kunnen gebruiken om Er voor Te zorgen dat wet- en regelgeving worden nageleefd. Het is zwaarder dan een waarschuwing, maar het gaat ( nog ) niet zover ALSs het intrekken new wave een vergunning of geven new waves een boete of. Gemeenten kunnen bijvoorbeeld een last onder dwangsom opleggen om een illegale situatie Te be amp ; euml ; native. Bijvoorbeeld te veel geluidsoverlast veroorzaken door discotheken. De last onder dwangsom is dan ook eigenlijk bedoeld om de toezichthouder de mogelijkheid te geven aan de overtreder een verplichting op Te leggen. Die verplichting ( delast ) draagt er toe bij digital audiotape de overtreding ongedaan gemaakt wordt of be amp ; euml ; indigd wordt. De last kan inhouden digital audiotape de overtreding ongedaan wordt gemaakt ( heated herstellen naar de rechtmatige situatie ) , het be amp ; euml ; native new wave een overtreding, of heated voorkomen dat het vaker gebeurt. Als de overtreder daar niet aan de last voldoet, moet hij/zij of de rechtspersoon een bepaald bedrag betalen. Dat Te betalen badrag noemen we een dwangsom. Artikel 5:24. Awb Vereisten last onder bestuursdwang De last onder bestuursdwang omschrijft de te nemen herstelmaatregelen. De last onder bestuursdwang vermeldt de termijn waarbinnen zij moet worden uitgevoerd. De last onder bestuursdwang wordt bekendgemaakt aan de overtreder, aan de rechthebbenden op het gebruik van de zaak waarop de last betrekking heeft en aan de aanvrager. De schriftelijke beslissing ( aanschrijving ) de beschikking moet wel duidelijk vermelden welk wettelijk voorschrift wordt overtreden De kosten die heated bestuursorgaan maakt of nog moet maken voor het uitvoeren new wave de sanctie worden op de overtreder verhaald. Het bestuursorgaan ( gemeente of provincie ) kan zelfs uit preventieve overwegingen over tot bestuursdwang. Dus voordat de overtreder de wet- en regelgeving overtreed kan het bestuursorgaan ( gemeenten, provincie ) al optreden en de toekomstige overtreder aanschrijven. Artikel. 5:32a. Awb Vereisten last onder dwangsom De last onder dwangsom moet de te nemen herstelmaatregelen duidelijk omschrijven. Bij een last onder dwangsom dice strekt tot het ongedaan maken new wave een overtreding of heated voorkomen van verdere overtreding, wordt een termijn gesteld gedurende welke de overtreder de last kan uitvoeren zonder digital audiotape een dwangsom wordt verbeurd. Artikel 5:32b Awb Vaststelling dwangsom Het bestuursorgaan stelt de dwangsom huge hetzij op een bedrag ineens, hetzij op een bedrag per tijdseenheid waarin de last niet is uitgevoerd, dan wel per overtreding new wave de last. Het bestuursorgaan stelt tevens een bedrag huge waarboven geen dwangsom meer wordt verbeurd. De bedragen staan in redelijke verhouding tot de zwaarte van het geschonden belang en tot de beoogde werking new wave de dwangsom. Artikel 5:33. Betalingstermijn verbeurde dwangsom Een verbeurde dwangsom wordt betaald binnen zes weken nadat zij new wave rechtswege is verbeurd. Artikel 5:34 Awb Opheffing, opschorting of vermindering dwangsom Het bestuursorgaan digital audiotape een last onder dwangsom heeft opgelegd, kan op verzoek new wave de overtreder de last opheffen, de looptijd ervan opschorten voor een bepaalde termijn of de dwangsom verminderen in geval new wave blijvende of tijdelijke gehele of gedeeltelijk onmogelijkheid voor de overtreder om aan zijn verplichtingen Te voldoen. Het bestuursorgaan digital audiotape een last onder dwangsom heeft opgelegd, kan op verzoek new wave de overtreder de last opheffen indien de beschikking A ; eacute ; A ; eacute ; n jaar new wave kracht is geweest zonder digital audiotape de dwangsom is verbeurd. Een last onder dwangsom is geen sanctie of maatregel zoals wij dice in heated Wetboek new wave Strafrecht kennen. Het heeft ook niet het karakter new wave wraak of vergelding. Een last onder dwangsom is ook niet op de persoon gericht, maar op de overtreding zelf. Er is dus ook geen verdachte, zoals wij dat uit het Wetboek new wave Strafvordering kennen. Aan de overtreder wordt door het bestuursorgaan de verplichting opgelegd om een geldsom Te betalen, tenzij binnen de gestelde termijn wordt voldaan aan de in de beschikking opgenomen last ( artikel 5:32 Awb ) . Deze verplichting houdt in digital audiotape de overtreder de illegale situatie in overeenstemming met de wet dient Te brengen of een overtreding achterwege dient Te laten. Voor de dwangsom geldt een maximal bedrag waarboven geen dwangsom meer wordt verbeurd. Er bestaan drie mogelijkheden voor de op te leggen dwangsom. De overtreder moet: per dekagram of hebdomad bijvoorbeeld digital audiotape hij de overtreding begaat/in base laat/herhaalt, een bepaald bedrag betalen een bedrag ineens betalen voor een handeling die niet voor een bepaalde data point verricht is per overtreding betalen Voorbeeld: De illegale schuur dient binnen twee weken Te zijn afgebroken en de situatie van voor de bouwwerkzaamheden dient Te zijn hersteld. Geeft de overtreder hier geen gehoor aan, dan dient de overtreder per dekagram sodium dice twee weken ALSs de schuur er nog staat een bedrag Te betalen van bijvoorbeeld ˆ 100 ( met een maximal new wave in totaal ˆ2000 ) . Preventieve dwangsom Gemeenten kunnen er ook voor kiezen Tes werken met een preventieve dwangsom. Dat is dus een dwangsom om iets te voorkomen. Als steeds dezelfde overtreder lak heeft aan wet- en regelgeving of voorschriften kan de gemeente een preventieve dwangsom opleggen ( artikel 5:32 lid 2 Awb ) . Deze preventieve dwangsom wordt alleen maar gebruikt bij recidivisten. Een repeater is iemand dice na een eerdere bestraffing weer in hetzelfde gedrag, overtreding vervalt. Bij zulke recidivisten wordt het bedrag new wave de ( preventieve ) dwangsom hoog en steeds hoger. Bij het opleggen new wave een preventieve dwangsom moet Er wel sprake zijn new wave Er aannemelijk gemaakt kan worden digital audiotape Er een gevaar bestaat digital audiotape de overtreding ( en ) zal worden begaan. Aanleiding om dat Te veronderstellen, kunnen zijn gelegen in uitlatingen dice een ( toekomstig ) overtreder doet, heated eerder vertoonde naleefgedrag new wave de overtreder, het bij herhaling voorkomen van overtredingen en meer algemeen het zich voordoen new wave uitzonderlijke omstandigheden welke het begaan new wave overtredingen waarschijnlijk maken. Wanneer bestuursdwang en wanneer last onder dwangsom? Kan niet zomaar kiezen tussen heated opleggen new wave een dwangsom en het aanzeggen new wave bestuursdwang. Voor het opleggen new wave een dwangsom zal niet gekozen worden ALSs het belang digital audiotape het betrokken voorschrift Te beschermt dient Te worden. Een dwangsom is bijvoorbeeld niet mogelijk indien Er een acute situatie zich voordoet. Als er door een petrochemische industrie giftige stoffen illegaal worden geloosd bijvoorbeeld. Dat is erg lucratief omdat legale verwerking new wave giftige stoffen heel veel geld kost. Dan loopt het bestuursorgaan het risico digital audiotape de overtreding, ondanks de dwangsom, gewoon wordt voortgezet, omdat het, ondanks de dwangsom, veel geld oplevert. In zon geval moet Er bestuursdwang worden toegepast. Maar ook in situaties waarin een overtreding new wave vergunningvoorschriften wordt gepleegd, bijvoorbeeld geluidsvoorschriften voor een evenement zullen dice overtredingen alleen ongedaan gemaakt worden door het evenement Te sluiten, of de apparatuur Te verzegelen. Ook dan is een dwangsom niet het Ge A ; euml ; igende middel is. Bestuursdwang is dan een veel effectiever handhavinginstrument. Intrekken begunstigende beschikking Een beschikking wat is dat? De beschikking komt o.a. voor in de Algemene moisture bestuursrecht ( Awb ) Onder beschikking wordt in de Awb verstaan een besluit digital audiotape niet new wave algemene strekking is, met inbegrip new wave het afwijzen new wave een aanvraag daarvan ( artikel 1:3 lid 2, Awb ) Een beschikking is dus een beslissing new wave een bestuursorgaan ( overheid ) in een specifieke situatie. Voorbeeld ; een beslissing ( of besluit ) naar aanleiding new wave de aanvraag voor een vergunning. Een beschikking is dus eigenlijk een besluit. En een besluit conform de Awb is ; een schriftelijke beslissing new wave een bestuursorgaan, inhoudende een publiekrechtelijke rechtshandeling. Onder de term besluit vallen beschikkingen en besluiten van algemene strekking. Een besluit new wave algemene strekking is dus geen beslissing m.b.t. de aanvraag van A ; eacute ; A ; eacute ; n individuele Burger of een bedrijf, maar een beslissing die gevolgen heeft voor een grotere aantal situaties. Voorbeeld ; Besluit van algemene strekking een bestemmingsplan. Begunstigende en belastende beschikkingen Er bestaan 3 soorten beschikkingen: Een begunstigende beschikking- doet een recht ontstaan ( een vergunning of subsidie verlenen ) Een belastende beschikking legt plichten op ( belastingaanslag ) Een begunstigende nut belastende beschikking. ( doet een recht ontstaan, maar legt ook plichten op ter verkrijging new wave de rechten ) Bijvoorbeeld een subsidie of vergunning onder voorwaarden. Overtreedt de houder van zon begunstigende beschikking ( subsidie, vergunning ) de regels, dan zal de sanctie vaak bestaan uit gehele of gedeeltelijke intrekking new wave de beschikking. De regels op grond waarvan de subsidie of vergunning is verstrekt, bevat onderdelen dice beschrijven wanneer de subsidie of vergunning wordt ingetrokken. Het besluit daartoe is een beschikking die moet voldoen aan de eisen m.b.t. het geschreven en ongeschreven recht: Zorgvuldigheidsbeginsel zorgzaamheid m.b.t.. gerechtvaardigde belangen Evenredigheidsbeginsel het beginsel digital audiotape uitgaat new wave het Principe dat zaken met elkaar moeten overeenstemmen wordt groter ALSs iets anders groter wordt en kleiner ALSs iets anders kleiner wordt Bestuursorganen ( gemeente of provincie ) kunnen een beschikking geheel of gedeeltelijk intrekken, bij: Onrechtmatige of onregelmatige totstandkoming new wave een beschikking ; omstandigheden na het verlenen new wave de vergunning ( bijvoorbeeld misbruiken of gedurende een bepaalde periode geen gebruik maken new wave een vergunning ) ; Bij verandering new wave feitelijke omstandigheden of verandering in het beleid ( bijvoorbeeld in een bestemmingsplan ) . Naast deze mogelijkheden om een beschikking in Te trekken, kennen we sinds enige jaren de Wet Bevordering Integriteit Beoordelingen, kort weg Wet Bibob genoemd. De Wet Bibob is bitty een excess instrument voor het bestuursorgaan. Bijvoorbeeld: De gemeente Amsterdam heeft de Wet Bibob gebruikt om allerlei ondernemers in het wallengebiedte screenen, voordat de vergunning tot exploitatie new wave een prostitutiebedrijf ( peeskamertjes ) werd verleend of verlengd. De sanctie new wave intrekking new wave de begunstigende vergunning is zowel preventief ALSs een reparatiemiddel, dus een herstel achteraf. Die ondernemers hadden namelijk Al een vergunning voor heated exploiteren van een prostitutiebedrijf, maar dice vergunning moest worden verlengd. Om een inde Te maken aan de ongewenste, illegale situatie, de ondernemers konden niet aantonen digital audiotape zij Al Hun geld netjes en niet met criminaliteit hadden verdiend, werd de vergunning niet verlengd. Het doel new wave deze reparatie is dan de wettelijke norm herstellen. De intrekking new wave een vergunning hoeft niet het einde Te betekenen voor de ondernemer en hoeft ook niet het door het bestuursorgaan beoogde resultaat op Te leveren. De ondernemer kan altijd zijn activiteiten illegaal voortzetten, ook zonder vergunning. De intrekking new wave de vergunning kan dan gevolgd worden door bestuursdwang of het opleggen new wave een dwangsom. Administratieve of bestuurlijke boete Er zijn een aantal belangrijke verschillen tussen de bestuurlijke boete en bestuurlijke handhavinginstrumenten zoals bestuursdwang en de dwangsom. De bestuurlijke boete is een zogenoemde punitieve sanctie. Dat is een sanctie gericht op het bestraffen new wave de handeling. De bestuursdwang en de dwangsom zijn gericht op om een situatie dice in strijd is met de voorschriften op Te heffen of om herhaling daarvan te voorkomen. De bestuurlijke boete Kent geen waarschuwing naar de overtreder toe, terwijl bij bestuursdwang en de dwangsom wel degelijk sprake is van een waarschuwing. Zogenaamde vooraankondigingen ( artikel 4 lid 8 Awb en artikel 125 Gemeentewet ) en aanschrijvingen ( bijv. de Woningwet ) zijn zulge waarschuwingen. Bij heated constateren van een overtreding kan of wordt direct tot handhaving overgegaan nut gesanctioneerd. De bestuurlijke boete kan worden gebruikt bij de aanpak van overlast in de openbare ruimte. Kijk maar eens naar alle regels die de APV Kent. Daar is handhaven relatief makkelijk, omdat de meeste regels eigenlijk wel duidelijk zijn voor de Burgers. Gemeenten kunnen bij het handhaven new wave de regels uit de APV dus een bestuurlijke boete opleggen voor overtreding new wave de bepalingen van de APV. Dat kan niet voor feiten ( strafbaar gedrag ) dice zijn vastgelegdin een Algemene Maatregel new wave Bestuur ( AMvB ) . Bestuurlijke strafbeschikking De Wet OM- afdoening is in 2006 in werking getreden. Het OM mag met Sinds get down 2008 zaken zelfstandig afdoen zonder digital audiotape Er sprake is van de bemoeienis van een rechter. Het OM mag dus zelf straffen opleggen, zonder rechter. De moisture is vanaf 2010 ook new wave toepassing op gemeenten, provincie en waterschappen. De wet OM-afdoening is van toepassing op delicten waar een maximale gevangenisstraf new wave zes jaar op staat. Het doel new wave deze moisture is om een effici A ; euml ; ntere rechtshandhaving Te krijgen, sneller nut effectiever. Welke straffen vallen hieronder? De officier new wave justitie kan ALSs straf ; een geldboete opleggen een taakstraf opleggen new wave maximaal 180 uur een ontzegging new wave de rijbevoegdheid geven voor ten hoogste zes maanden De strafbeschikking kent naast straffen ook een aantal voorwaarden ; deelname aan een afkickprogramma een contactverbod geven een straatverbod geven Het Openbaar Ministerie mag niet zelfstandig, zonder tussenkomst new wave een rechter, geen vrijheidsbenemende straffen opleggen. Het Openbaar Minsterie hoeft niet langer een verdachte voor de rechter Te laten dagvaarden ALSs deze niet wil betalen of helemaal niet reageert op een transactievoorstel. Dit levert minder druk op de rechtelijke macht ( veel minder zaken ) is eenvoudiger en levert ook het OM een behoorlijke tijdwinst op. Deze Wet OM-afdoening geeft gemeenten excess gereedschap om bij overtredingen new wave de APV een bestuurlijke strafbeschikking op Te leggen. De bestuurlijke strafbeschikking geeft gemeente de mogelijkheid om overlast in de openbare ruimte aan Te pakken. Het betreft eigenlijk de zelfde feiten ( strafbare gedragingen ) dice ook zijn af Te doen met de bestuurlijke boete. Een van de verschillen met de bestuurlijke boete is dat bij de bestuurlijke strafbeschikking een strafbaar feit wordt begaan waartegen de burger verzet mag aantekenen. Dat gebeurt bij het Op enbaar Ministerie Bij bestuurlijke boete is er sprake new wave een bestuursrechtelijke beschikking waartegen de Burger in bezwaar kan of beroep kan aantekenen bij het bestuurorgaan. Intrekking begunstigende beschikking Een andere sanctie kan zijn, digital audiotape het bestuursorgaan een eerder verleende begunstigende beschikking ( vergunning ) intrekt. Deze intrekking kan met terugwerkende kracht ( antique tunc ) plaatsvinden, maar ook vanaf het minute new wave intrekking de geldigheid van de vergunning ontnemen is mogelijk d.m.v. opzegging. Wanneer Er in een wet iets is opgenomen over intrekking van vergunningen, is intrekking slechts mogelijk via dice weg en die gronden. Een voorbeeld is art. 59 Woningwet inzake de intrekking new wave een bouwvergunning. Wanneer de wet er echter over zwijgt, hangt het new wave de interpretatie new wave dice wet en de aard van de beschikking af. De vergunning kan in zon geval worden ingetrokken om de volgende gronden: de beschikking is op grond new wave onjuiste gegevens verleend, de juiste gegevens hadden tot een weigering new wave de vergunning geleid en de betrokkene kan van die onjuiste of onvolledige opgave in redelijkheid een verwijt worden gemaakt. De int rekking new wave een begunstigende beschikking, zoals een vergunning, kan zowel een reparatoir ALSs een punitief karakter hebben.

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The right to counsel in Native American tribal courts Essay Congress’s goal with respect to American Indians has always been at cross purposes and requires a delicate balancing act. The drive to preserve Indian heritage and the drive to assimilate or civilize the native American represent the conflicting interests Congress attempts to balance. This most obvious in the area of criminal law where congress has to apply the Federal laws which may often times conflict with tribal laws. Vincent Milani’s article The right to counsel in Native American tribal courts: tribal sovereignty and congressional control provides some valuable insight into the efforts made by congress in reconciling these conflicting interests and their consequences for the enforcement of criminal laws on native American lands. Milani takes a concise look at tribal history and the manner in which the indigenous American native resolved disputes. The author contrasts this approach against the steps taken by Congress to establish a criminal justice system in the United States that is both equitable and respectful of fundamental human rights. Milani also takes the time to demonstrate how preservation of tribal culture and customs together with the right to self-determination have been preserved as well as compromised to assimilate the native Americans within the Federal system of justice. Milani explains the difficulties for Congress in achieving these conflicting goals. The primary problem arises out of age old tribal traditions of resolving their disputes in a manner which is primarily contrary to the Constitutional mandates for a fair and public trial. (Milani, 1994) Milani writes: â€Å"Historically, these methods have varied greatly among the tribes and they have contrasted significantly with the federal judicial system in the United States.† (Milani, 1994) To start with Milani notes that tribal justice involved different cultures with different approaches to conflict management. For instance, tribes were â€Å"governed by tribal councils† or they were â€Å"controlled by military soldier or hunter regimes† who were duty bound to manage conflicts. (Milani, 1994) Other tribes were permitted to allow their â€Å"priests, prophets, religious elders† as well as â€Å"wise men† to act as peace makers. (Milani, 1994) Even family or clan members could resolve disputes and in some circumstances a â€Å"legal authority† comprised of law men could resolve come issues. (Milani, 1994) Milani offers this background information as a means of demonstrating the difficulties for Congress in preserving cultural heritage within the native American lands and reconciling that goal with comity within the Federal system. Complicating matters the Indians did not subscribe to a uniform type of criminal justice until late into the 19th century when the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) founded the Courts of Indian Offences (CFR). (Milani, 1994) The CFR was established in response to the Federal Government’s plans for: â€Å"assimilation, and their purpose was to promote acculturation on the reservations to help ‘civilize’ the Indians.† (Milani, 1994) The problem for law enforcement is in recognizing and respecting the jurisdiction of tribal courts and laws which are distinct from Federal law and outside of its jurisdiction. (Milani, 1994) Making matters worse was the implementation of the Indian Reorganization Act 1934 which represented a â€Å"major shift in Federal policy from assimilation to self-determination.† (Milane, 1994) The result was a placement of more authority in tribal rule and less authority in the BIA and a means by which tribal courts could legitimately replace the CFR system. (Milani, 1994) This is significant since the tribal judiciary are accountable to the tribal courts allowing tribes to establish their own criminal justice system. Milani points out that today Indian reservations contain close to 150 tribal courts as opposed to just 9 CFRs. (Milani, 1994) In understanding and appreciating the limited jurisdiction of law enforcement within native American lands it is necessary to understand the jurisdiction of tribal courts and criminal law. Milani’s explanation is rather insightful and informative. Tribal courts have retained a procedure and practice that essentially mirrors the historic dispute resolution mechanism which distinguishes it from the formalities of the State and Federal system of justice. (Milani, 1994) Moreover, the Federal government indorses this practice by providing for statutory funding of tribal courts under the Indian Tribal Justice Act 1993. (Milani, 1994) In the final analysis, Indians have sustained â€Å"inherent powers of limited sovereignty which has never been extinguished.† (Milani, 1994) By this method of organization the tribal courts exercise jurisdiction â€Å"over crimes committed on tribal lands by one† native over another. (Milani, 1994) However, major crimes fall under Federal laws although the penalties are limited in respect of native American convictions. (Milani, 1994) Be that as it may, the tribal courts will not have jurisdiction over crimes committed in tribal territories by â€Å"non-Indians.† (Milani, 1994) The greatest difficulty for law enforcement is the establishing jurisdiction over crimes allegedly committed in tribal territory. To start with it is necessary to determine whether or not the crime was committed by a non-Indian. This would necessarily involve a taxing background search which would consume time and money. In the end, should the suspect be determined to have been Indian time and money would have been thrown away at great expense to the criminal justice system. In this way, Milani’s article is of great interest to those who advocate against delayed justice. It is therefore entirely unnecessary to permit such disparaging application of criminal laws within a criminal justice jurisdiction. The most viable solution would be the introduction of a blanket jurisdiction as in state and county boundaries. Given Congress’ desire to preserve Indian culture and to implement some measure of criminal accountability it should adapt a different course. For instance, if a crime is committed within tribal jurisdiction, unless it violates Federal law, it should be for the jurisdiction of that tribe whether or not the suspect is Indian. Bibliography Milani, Vincent. (1994) â€Å"The right to counsel in Native American tribal courts: tribal sovereignty and congressional control.† American Criminal Law Review Vol. 31, 1279-1299

Technology and the Future of Pornography

Technology and the Future of Pornography Pornography and the Internet: A Healthy Marriage To say that pornography is a profitable industry is to terribly understate reality. Though it does not have it’s own NAICS ‘code’, estimates of the extent to which sex sells range from at least $1 billion to up to $50 billion dollars annually (Byers 2004, p. 6; Cronin Davenport 2001, p. 38; Davidson 2003, p. 92; Murray 2004, p. 9; Simpson 2003, p. 1). Clearly, the estimates are wide ranging, due in large part to the lack of formal reporting methods for such occupations as â€Å"prostitute† and â€Å"exotic dancer† while adult bookstores may, from an industry accounting perspective, may simply be viewed as a â€Å"bookstore†. In addition, it is important to note that the pornography pseudo-industry is not just a multi-billion dollar force, it is a growing industry. Market Overview The principal reason for its recent explosive growth is in many ways similar to reason for pornography’s first â€Å"boom†, the invention of the printing press. The press permitted wide scale distribution and subsequent access of not just Bibles and books but other ‘subjects of interest’ which allowed the public’s latent desires to be aroused. In more recent times, the internet represents the application of disruptive technology in that it is a form of distribution that, especially for pornography, presents additional advantages over the pornography of yesterday with regards to a distribution that is an order of magnitude larger than the press is capable (Davidson 2003, p. 91). Pornography that is online represents a significant portion of the broader category of pornography in general which also includes print, television and music media. This category in turn is part of an even larger segment of â€Å"sex† which further encompasses adult clu bs, escort services and other products and services that are estimated to contribute the almost half a trillion dollar global industry. Of this, though estimates are difficult due to the nature of the industry, analysts suggested in 1999 that between $2-2.5 billion is from online sources, a figure which constitutes perhaps  ½ of all online revenues (Cronin Davenport 2003, p. 38; Byers 2004, pp. 6-7, Thompson 2005, p. 32). Concurrent with the growth in revenue is the proliferation of a pornographic web content which witnessed an eightfold (8x) growth between 2001 and 2005 (Thompson 2005, p. 32). One net effect of this is an overall industry is that it is both an attractive industry with regards to margins yet is highly competitive and fragmented. In further consideration of the industry, the following analysis is presented: Strengths – Pornography is perhaps as recession-proof an industry as the funeral home business. The product is backed by a millennia of biological imperative and fueled by a never-ending thirst for satisfaction and pleasure. When enabled by ubiquitous internet technology, it is easier to access and this access breeds familiarity which in turn creates a creeping social acceptance. Weaknesses – Clearly pornography is not ‘embraced’ by society as a whole. While there is evidence that its consumption may lead to a host of social ills such as violence or exploitation of children, this industry faces a stigma greater than industries such as alcohol, tobacco, gambling or firearms. Opportunities – Though there are some signs that, in its current iteration, the industry is maturing (Cronin Davenport 2001, p. 45). Despite this, there should be little doubt that, â€Å"†¦the digital age is porn’s golden age† (Byers 2004, p.8). Additionally, the nature of both the industry and the technology presents a very low cost of entry to a trade for it seems there is an insatiable demand. Threats – Perhaps the greatest threat is simply negative stigma attached to pornography as being obscene, indecent, perverted, ‘dirty’ or other negative label. Though consumers are relatively assured of anonymity, there remains a fear of being discovered whether by one’s spouse, supervisor, congregation, neighbors or others. Worth mentioning is the threat of being â€Å"outlawed†. Though pornography functions under a broad interpretation of the US first amendment concerning free speech, illicit pornography still manages to flourish, especially in the age of the internet. Overall, though pornography may be a maturing industry, due in large part to the omnipresence of the internet, it is an evolving one due to the fact that 2/3 of Americans have internet access (Management Today 2005, p. 19: Thompson 2005, p. 32). Of this online activity in 2004, excluding pornography, the market for paid online content was almost $2 billion of which â€Å"personals and dating† and â€Å"entertainment lifestyles† construed approximately half (Thompson 2005, p. 32). This evolution is a consequence to the interest to facilitate the distribution anonymous, affordable and on-demand pornography. This broad distribution, while meeting an apparent pent-up consumer demand, has had the side effect of ‘decentralizing’ a formerly constrained industry. For example, whereas one previously had to venture to seedy locales that were, for the most part, geographically restricted to a certain area of town to partake of pornography, pornography is now virtuall y everywhere (Davidson 2003, p. 97). Subsequently, this decentralization has resulted in a broader acceptance manifested by both wider recognition of its existence and the ‘pushing back’ of the line of what constitutes socially acceptable â€Å"pornography†. For example, consider the 1995 release of music from convicted felon Snoop Doggy Dogg in which group and oral sex was ‘advocated’ (!). Prior to this controversial release, one might have thought that the fundamental laws of economics and the general sensibilities and tolerances of even youth would essentially squelch such ‘filth’ yet, to the surprise of many, the songs in questions hit the top of the charts and sold over 300,000 copies within weeks (Davidson 2003, p. 100). Clearly, such an example illustrates the slipping lines of what is tolerated, accepted and even embraced by society. Technology Enabled Pleasure Marketing With this degree of financial impact pornographers, regardless of perceived social virtues, there is a penultimate combination of marketing- and technology-savvy that is driven by the motivation of the obtaining just a piece of the fortunes that seemingly stand to be taken. Beginning with a virtually irresistible and attractive product, modern pornographers have been at the forefront of profitably e-commerce almost since the inception of the internet. Pornographers are widely regarded as the first and most profitable internet business models (Davidson 2003, pp. 191-192; Vinas 1996, p.11). Though they are marketing a highly desirable product, pornographers have both employed technology and been facilitated by the nature of the technology of the internet in a number of ways to enable their business. Key to facilitating online pornography are the following characteristic of e-commerce (Cronin Davenport 2001, pp. 36-37): Transparency – The internet as a consumptive product is truly â€Å"WYSWYG†, the compu-speak acronym for â€Å"what you see is what you get†. Immediacy – With the internet, one’s delay in gratification is limited solely by the size of one’s wallet (or purse), the bandwidth of connection and the speed at which one can click. Disintermediation – Clearly, the internet is a medium which readily lends itself to a direct-to-consumer business model in which profit-taking, cost-increasing middlemen are eliminated. Price Competition – A key aspect of the ability of the internet to facilitate comparable prices for comparable products is the speed and availability of consumers to ‘price shop’ and vote with their financial patronage for the product which grants them the greatest utility. Convenience – 24/7. No clerks. No â€Å"Closed† signs†¦. And you never have to even get dressed and leave the house. Accessibility – The internet in not only in your home, it is also in your office (a fact that has been the bane of some), it is on the road and if you do not own a computer, you can likely borrow a public access terminal at the local library. Modularity – A consumer is not forced to ‘one-top shop’ – they can fulfill one fetish of their pastiche identity at one site and another at a different site†¦. Something for everyone, or rather, everything for almost anyone. Low Switching Costs – There is little â€Å"lock-in† through contracts or any other means. A consumer can, with little or no direct or indirect cost incursion, switch from â€Å"this-is-my-fantasy† to â€Å"that-is-my-fantasy†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ they can even likely have both, maybe, bandwidth permitting, simultaneously. Impersonality – This factor is one of the most salient in that, within reason, anonymity is relatively assured. For ‘respectable’ persons to be able to acquire smut desires of their heart without having to risk discovery is likely a key driver of the how technology is driving the financial success of pornography. Similar to the nine factors above, other theorists similarly summarize the key drivers of the proliferate success of online pornography such as Cooper’s ‘Triple A Engine’ in which access, affordability and anonymity come together for tremendous synergy (Byers 2004, p. 1). An additional factor that is present in online pornography is found in the very nature of internet technology itself: the ability to gather, analyze and act upon actual consumptive data (Davidson 2003, p. 181). Pornographers are perhaps among the world’s greatest marketeers in their ability to mine data and utilize this information to drive additional sales or, as one report puts it, charge and collect a fee for the customer to have the opportunity to spend even more money (Weber 1997, A1).. Thorns of E-Commerce Though surfing the internet is perhaps functionally anonymous, there are nonetheless bits and pieces of data left behind of which many cases are involuntarily and unknowing. For example, if a certain user, identifiable initially by a specific IP address visits one certain site, porn marketeers make use of computer algorithms to predict additional sites of interest which are then presented as pop-ups or other intrusive internet marketing techniques. For consumers who voluntarily submit information such as might be utilized for â€Å"club†-access, the pornographer has access to even more information in addition to information gleaned from recurrent visits such as which web pages were viewed, etc. As technology has enable pornography, pornographers have quite likely made full use of this technology using, at best, ethically questionable marketing tactics. Such tactics are designed redirect unsuspecting internet surfers to either an explicit web site or to a gateway to one. Once there, pornographers often make it very difficult to leave yet very easy, i.e., automatic, to come back. While it is an accepted retailer strategy to take such steps as utilizing larger shopping carts, positioning commodities such as milk or toilet paper at the back of a store, and to utilized free samples, pornography-in-general has a reputation for ‘virtually’ kidnapping browsers through hiding or re-tasking exit buttons, unrequested software downloads, resetting home pages and other techniques designed to direct consumers to their sites, entice them with their wares and keep them there longer than they might want to stay (Murray 2004, pp. 63-67). The increasing proliferation and acceptance of pornography represents a significant market force for marketeers as this force works ‘both ways’. That is, as pornography gains a larger market, the ‘pie’ grows in size while, consequently, what was taboo becomes more normalized, pornographers must become increasing creative in pushing the envelope. The downside for pornographic producers is that they are fundamentally limited by a fixed number of body orifices and the arriving at some new form of ‘sex’ would seem to be a finite proposition. This dual-natured dilemma is also represented in the efforts of some in society to squelch or at least, contain pornography by the proposal of a â€Å".xxx† internet domain designation for ‘x-rated’ sites. On one side, such a device would make it easier to filter out unwanted pornography yet it requires compliance from both the pornographic industry and a desire for compliance on behalf of the consumer. Additionally, in the event that such a requirement was enacted, it would serve the ‘undesirable’ purpose of legitimatizing an industry that many would just as soon pretend did not exist. Finally, such an action might have the ‘net’ effect of essentially doubling the available cyber-shelf space of pornography as marketeers could simply operation two identical sites (one site with two IP addresses) (Trueman 2005, p. 12a). As pornographers gain financially, they do not do so in isolation. In addition to generating revenue from targeted ad placements in pornographic media, other firms profit directly from its success and distribution. For example, payment intermediaries such as Visa, Mastercard, PayPal and similar firms capture a fixed percentage of every ‘dirty’ dollar and, as was indicated previously, there are ‘many-billion’ of them. Despite the massive financial gain, credit card firms may be under pressure from groups that would prefer pornography not to exist (Lubove 2003). Regardless of the hassles that the credit card oligopolies seek to impose, the sheer financial impetus of the industry is assurance that the mother of invention, if needed, will create a solution that will deliver the goods to lonely, demanding consumers. The Future of Pornography Regardless of one’s love or hate of pornography, it is the nature of fallen man to seek pleasure and avoid pain. It is the nature of the capitalism to meet the needs of any market with funds sufficient to cover the costs. Thus, the question is not whether pornography will exist, rather, the question is what will it look like and how will it be delivered? Currently, the continuing emergence of broadband and multimedia applications is fueling the growth of mobile telecommunications equipment. This segment resulted in over $600M revenue in Europe in 2003 and is projected to grow 5x in less than three years to over $3 billion (Booth 2003, p. 17). With regards to the current version of online pornography, there is likely to be either increased regulation of marketing practices or the growth of third-party software providers to block aggressive attempts and the pornographers’ online version of the telecommunications industry’s ‘slamming’ practices. As cyber space becomes more crowded and competitive with seemingly indistinguishable offerings, more traditional marketing strategies such as ‘adding value’, emphasizing communities and clubs and niche marketing will be more extensively utilized. In addition, due to the social stigma associated with not only pornography but advertising it as well, marketeers will likely focus on programs that are subtle, suggestive and semiotic (rather than ‘in-your-face’). In addition, the continued integration of technology is likely to be a coming event. Mobile phone internet browsers that make computing at home, at the office or on the go a nea rly seamless digital environment in which you can be with either stored or streamed content of your choice anywhere. Finally, it would seem as the next step of the industry and the ultimate future of online pornography will complete virtual sex experiences in which there is participation as well as sights, sounds and sensation. Though â€Å"teledildonics† is a well-explored concept, there are no commercially available products currently available (Balderson Mitchell 2001). Regardless, the arrival in the homes of technology that currently exists with remote surgery apparatus will herald a new techno-sexual renaissance which, as history has witnessed, pornography will eagerly adopt. Works Consulted Author Unknown. (2005, December). Management Today, p. 19. Balderson, M., and Mitchell, T. (2001). â€Å"Virtual Vaginas and Pentium Penises A Critical Study of Teledildonics and Digital S(t)imulation†. http://www.georgetown.edu/users/baldersm/essays/teledildonics.pdf. Accessed February 3, 2006. Booth, N. (2003, November). â€Å"More Bang for Your Buck†. Total Telecom Magazine, p. 17. Byers, L. (2004, April). â€Å"Pornography and the Internet†. University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada (MA Thesis). Cronin, B., and Davenport, E. (2001). â€Å"E-Rogenous Zones: Positioning Pornography in the Digital Economy†. The Information Society, (17), pp. 33-48. Davidson, D. (2003). Selling Sin: The Marketing of Socially Unacceptable Products, 2nd edition. Praeger: Westport, Connecticut. Lubove, S. (2005, March 1). â€Å"Visa’s Porn Crackdown†. http://www.forbes.com/2003/05/01/cz_sl_0501porn_print.html. Murray, B. (2004). Defending the Brand: Aggressive Strategies for Protecting Your Brand in the Online Area. American Management Assocication: New York, New York. Simpson, N. (2003, Fall). â€Å"The Money Shot: How the Porn Business Resurrected the Studio System†. University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada (MA Thesis). Thompson, M. (2005, August). â€Å"Online Recreation†. Technology Review, p. 32. Trueman, P. (2005, September 15). â€Å".XXX Would Legitimatize Porn†. USA Today, p. 12a. Vinas, T. (1998, September 21). â€Å"X-Rated and on the A-List†. IndustryWeek, pp. 11-12. Weber, T. (1997, May 20). â€Å"The X-Files: For those who scoff at internet commerce, here’s a hot market Raking in millions, sex sites use old-fashioned porn and cutting edge tech Lessons from the Mainstream†. The Wall Street Journal (Eastern Edition), p. A1. New York, New York.

Affirmative Action Essay -- Affirmative Action Essays

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Should a man be hired for his skills or for the color of his skin? Is racial diversity in the business world more important then the most qualified workers? Affirmative action has become an important topic in today’s society to better diversify the different races in America. Affirmative action is a set of public policies that were designed for the elimination of discrimination toward race, color, sex, etc. These policies are under attack today because of the unfairness toward the more qualified people. Increasing opportunities for a minority that has suffered past discrimination is the cause for affirmative action, and for the reverse discrimination toward the majority. Many people view discrimination toward one race today to compensate for the discrimination of another race in the past as unfair. This reverse discrimination is unfair treatment toward the majority. Affirmative actions are policies created to give preferential treatment to the discriminated , but also discriminate as well.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Affirmative action was first referenced to in 1961 with the signing of Executive order 10925 (Brunner). With this the Committee on Equal Opportunity was created, and was mandated that â€Å"projects financed with federal funds ‘take affirmative action’ to ensure that hiring and employment practices are free of racial bias† (Brunner). Three years later, in 1964 President Lyndon Johnson signed the Civil Rights act that prohibits any form ...

Charlie Chaplin Essay -- Biography Biographies Chaplin Essays

Charlie Chaplin â€Å"It is absolutely no exaggeration to say that for the greatest part of this century Charlie Chaplin was the most recognizable human being on the planet,† (Burr, 20). Chaplin did everything in show business; he was an actor, director, screenwriter, producer and composer, (Reader‘s Companion 157). He was the ideal rags to riches role model that every American dreamed of becoming. Charlie Chaplin revolutionized American show business and inspired Americans to follow their dreams because he was proof that even underdogs could make it to the top. Charles Spencer Chaplin had a very eventful life. He was born in London on the 16th of April, 1889, (Douglas np) to two music hall performers; Charles and Hannah Chaplin. (Reader’s Companion 157). His father was a singer who had run out on the family early in Chaplin’s life; he later died of alcoholism, (Douglas np). Hannah was a smalltime singer but spent most of her life in and out of mental hospitals, (Byers 438). He had a half brother named Sydney, (imdb.com). Chaplin was married four times and had a total of eleven children, (imdb.com). His first marriage was to Mildred Harris on the 23rd of October 1918, he was 28 and she was 16 years old. They had a son together but unfortunately the baby only lived for three days, (Turk 49). Chaplin was too much of a workaholic to commit to marriage so he moved out in August 1920, while Mildred filed for divorce, (Turk 50). He later fell in love with sixteen year old Lita Grey during the making of â€Å"The Gold Rush.† Lita’s mother disapproved of the relationship but once she found out that Lita was pregnant with Chaplin’s baby she let them wed. On November 24, 1924 Lita and Chaplin tied the knot. They had two children: Charles Jr.... ...superstar.† Entertainment Weekly. Fall 1996. Byers, Paula. â€Å"Chaplin, Charles.† Encyclopedia of World Biography. 2nd Ed. Detroit: Gale Research, 1998. 438-440. â€Å"Chaplin’s Admirers Tip Their Hats for his 100th.† Time. 1 May 1989. â€Å"Chaplin, Charles.† Charlie Chaplin. Roy Export Comp. 10 February 2004. http://charliechaplin.com/ â€Å"Chaplin, Charles.† Dictionary of World Biography the 20th Century A-Inc. Volume VII. Pasadena† Salem Press, Inc. 1999. 653-656. â€Å"Chaplin, Charles.† Internet Movie Database. 1990. Internet Movie Database Inc. 9 February 2004. http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000122/bio â€Å"Chaplin, Charles.† The Reader’s Companion to American History. 1991. 157 Douglas, Ann. â€Å"Charlie Chaplin: the comedian.† Time. 8 June 1998. Turk, Ruth. A Lerner Biography Charlie Chaplin Genius of the Silent Screen. Minneapolis: Lerner Publication Comp., 2000.

Dominant Management Philosophy of Whirlpool Corporation Essay

I hereby present the analysis of the dominant management philosophy of Whirlpool Corporation for evaluating whether our company shall acquire Whirlpool. Whirlpool’s management is strongly committed to build strong brands and a growing loyal consumer base via its brand value creation strategy based on diversity, innovation, cost productivity and corporate social responsibility. Whirlpool knows the art of leveraging its wide array of strong brands to serve strategically different & geographically widespread markets. Innovation is Whirlpool Corporation’s differentiating strategy giving it a significant competitive advantage. Every Whirlpool Brand aims at understanding the unique consumer needs and converting them into products and services, thus, creating unmatched customer loyalty resulting in high revenue growths and superior return to the global investors. Whirlpool’s revenue has grown by 7. 3 % ; it has returned $ 502 million to shareholders, during the year ended December 2007. Apart from strong brands, Whirlpool has a well diversified customer, product and employee base. A wide range of products allows the company to cater to a large and diverse range of consumers all across the globe, thus, providing it with diversified range of revenue streams. It strategically explores new markets and then uses its strong brands ; value creation strategies to enter those markets where product penetration level is still low. For example, India with a population of 1. billion and an expected home appliances market size of $ 4 billion clicked as a high growth market. Whirlpool has already captured 25% of Indian market. It has well defined code of ethics covering 14 aspects of business and the same is well-embedded throughout the organization. Whirlpool is listed 18th on World 100 Best Corporate Citizens by Business ethics magazine and among the Top 25 Most Respected U. S. Companies by the Reputation Institute. This demonstrates strong consumer trust, which can be leveraged to fuel higher turnover.

How Risky is Risk

â€Å"The human understanding, once it has adopted an opinion , collects any instance that confirm it, and though the contrary instances may be more numerous and more weightily, it either does not notice them or else rejects them, in order that this opinion will remain unshaken. † Francis Bacon, 1620. Risk is a very interesting thing; people normally tend not to realize the real effect that risk takes in their lives.There are many kinds of risk, we want to focus on studying the financial risk, the perception of it, the effect that it has on the private banking behavior, their clients, and how they would be treated, the effect that it has on decision making, and the effect that it has o behavioral finance. Because when you start talking about behavioral finance you need to try to understand what risk represents and all of the effects it has. During this article we want to show why over 10% return margins shouldn't be viewed as something risky, but as something worth analyzing. Because in this times people are going to need over 10% margins if they still want to be making profits out of their investments. And once people understand what risk represents, what it represents ND all of its effects, they can start analyzing what they want and need out of their investments. And once they understand that, they are going to do anything to accomplish it, because as it is said in the quote at the beginning once the human understanding acquires a goal and an opinion on how to get to the goal, he will do anything to end up successfully. . Risk Risk by definition, is the potential of gaining something of value, weighed against losing something of value but, The term â€Å"risk†, means financial risk or uncertainty of financial loss† (Raglan, 2003). After using these terms for the purpose of this paper e will divide the study of risk into 3 parts: types of financial risk, the ways to measure IR and perception of risk. 2. 1 Types of risk There are many types of risk; we are going to focus on 5: credit risk, market risk, operational risk, regulatory risk, environmental risk.All of these are top priorities for banks to analyze throughout the operational process. Credit risk, is the potential that a borrower fails to meet his obligations on the terms that were agreed. There are 2 key components on defining credit risk, quantity of risk and the probability of default. The banking system manages credit risk using exposure ceilings, review renewal, risk rating, risk based in scientific pricing and portfolio management. Market risk is the possibility of loss caused by changes in market variables, it sums up to four components.Liquidity risk, this is divided into funding risk, time risk and call risk. Interest rate risk, which is the potential of negative impact coming from changes in rates. Foreign exchange risk and country risk. Operational risk: Human error risk. Regulatory risk: The risk implied by the government ‘s ability to make n ew laws and modify regulation. . 2 Wars to measure risk There are several methods to measure risk, we will be focusing on the most common ones and the ones that are better suited for Hedge Funds. Vary is used to quantify the exposure to the market risk, using standard statistics techniques.It measures the minimum expected loss that a firm may suffer under normal circumstances, over a set time period at a desired level of significance. One of the biggest setbacks with Vary is that it's useless in times of booms and crisis as it doesn't prevent you from being part of them. Another big problem with Vary is that it is one of the most moon risk measures and people tend to trust it too much without hesitation. (CITE) Standard deviation is a measure of dispersion of a set of data from its average. It is usually applied to the annual rate of return of an investment to measure the investment ‘s volatility. CITE) After taking a look at these 2 methods that are the most commonly used, we will be talking about the ones more suitable for the Hedge Fund industry, which are the following: Seminarian's or downside deviation is the average of the squared deviation of values that are less than the mean or a â€Å"minimum acceptable return†. This method is similar to variance, the difference between the two is that seminarian's focuses only on the negative fluctuations of the asset neutralizing all the values above the mean. This method primarily provides the estimate of loss that a portfolio could incur, keeping the estimated risk realistic. CITE) Kurtosis is a statistical measure used to describe the distribution of observed data used around the mesas. Kurtosis is also known as the measurement for the volatility of volatility. Its main purpose is to describe the trends in charts. Keenness describes asymmetry from the normal distribution in a set of statistical data. Keenness can come in the form of â€Å"negative keenness† or â€Å"positive keenness† , depending on whether data points are skewed to the left (negative skew) or to the right (positive skew) of the data average. CITE) After analyzing these methods, we can conclude that for a Hedge Fund and especially for clients investing in these it is better to use the seminarian's, kurtosis and keenness methods to analyze the risk of an investment. These three focus more on the downside risk of the portfolio instead of using the Vary that is only good on stable periods and doesn't account for drastic mimes, besides standard deviation and variance can be very deceiving in the context of analyzing the real risk that a portfolio can have focusing also on outlying positive returns. 3.Private banking What we want to analyze is the way private banks operate and especially how clients needs are met, how they are treated, how their money gets almost frozen with interest rates that barely covers their money from the effect of inflation, and how private banks earn a lot of money while clie nts barely earn real returns. Banks offer annulled returns between 3 and 5 percent which is usually not enough to meet paving expenses or inflation for the wealthy clients. An American study showed the following: â€Å"Americans said they need to earn average annual gains of 9. Percent above inflation to make their financial needs. Natives officials noted that inflation since 1964 has averaged 4. 2 percent annually, which means the average American has to generate 14 percent to meet their needs. â€Å"fee,2014) having this in mind clients can realize that they need to expect a bigger profit on their investments because they are actually losing money, their money is losing value and the only way f stopping this from happening is by demanding higher returns using alternative investments. High returns while taking minimal risk is a pipe dream; if asset growth is your priority, taking risk is crucial† Oaf,2014), and that is why clients need to be sure that risk is being managed in the most efficient manner. 3. 1 Clients The most important part of any financial institution are the clients, and most important thing about them is recognizing that every client is different and every client has different needs. Every client has to be treated differently to help them meet his/her goals. As the investigation of Dry.Rene Fischer and his team in the book â€Å"Wealth Management in new Realities†, â€Å"we identify 7 engagements that are shaping client behavior and needs† (Fischer, De Conge, OK, Topper, 2013), with this in mind we will take a look at those seven trends to give clients the best service possible while maintaining a steady margin of returns. Engagement one: Changing demographics. The population is growing and also the markets, clients need security and information that their money is secure and generating profit.Engagement two: Globalization and future markets. With the Gap's of various developing countries rowing at a fast pace, clients are starting to look at investing in new markets. Engagement three: Scarce resources and climate change. Global awareness is growing for environmental issues that can create new opportunities in clean energies, and a new set of investments in ecological matters for clients. Engagement four: Economic crises and insecurities. With the volatility of the market, clients are starting to be insecure about their money.It is the financial institution ‘s Job to keep clients informed about the situation their money is in, and make them feel safe that their money is in good hands. Engagement five: Dynamic technology and innovation. With all the changes in information technologies, â€Å"more and more people are getting connected and are sharing information on the go' (Fischer, De Conge, OK, Topper, 2013), this makes clients better informed and more aware about what is happening to their money.Engagement six: Sharing global interest responsibility. With the shift towards global cooperati on and MONGO ‘s gaining power, clients are demanding socially responsible investments. Engagement seven: Global knowledge society. This trend goes hand in hand with trend number five, with new technologies of information, society has easier access to new information and the tools to know what is happening.With all these trends happening, clients want to be more informed and still get the same yield, but with the misinformation, manipulation and misunderstood promises from the monetary agents, the clients think that having their money working to win Just a little over inflation Just to avoid losing money might be wrong, because with the globalize economy that we have this days studies that are being made all around the world can be generalized, so if something is happening in Europe you could assume that something similar is happening morpheme else.So with this in mind after taking a look in some studies made in India we saw that the inflation is not the same for every social c lass and that the general inflation that everyone takes for granted does really have much effect on the middle and high class, because it is made out from an average of items that don't really affect does two classes, and we are focusing on them because they are the ones that are clients of the financial institutions, and the prices of the items that they acquire are going up stronger that the regular inflation, so that is why they are not retorted with the interest rates that they receive, and they are in fact losing money which is the one thing that they were trying to avoid. 4. Behavioral finance There are many factors involved in the process of understanding behavioral finance.To understand this you have to start with risk perception, understanding why people tend to make certain decisions, and after that study the behavioral biases investors exhibit to see what drives the intuition of most individuals. Behavioral finance can help a financial institution prevent certain human fa ctors that can be mitigated at the mime of making decisions and preventing psychological factors to play an important role in the decision making process. 4. 1 Risk perception Risk perception is one of the most important elements of psychological effect on the market. Trying to understand why people tend to make certain decisions at certain times is one of the biggest questions in this matter.Many investigations have been made about the subject, one that stood out was: â€Å"The Psychological Impact of Booms and Busts on Risk Preferences in Financial Professionals† by Cohn, Fear and Marcella. During this experiment they decided to manipulate two different kinds of lotteries giving different options in different controlled markets. Their final conclusion was that there will always be a psychological/emotional factor that can't be measured with precision but you can be sure that during times of booms people tend to be overly optimistic and risk is not their biggest concern, and during times of busts people usually tend to be overly conservative and almost allergic to risk.This can be obvious in both cases as it is when biases come into play. This is why risk can be a risky thing when you are not certain that is being measured the right way. If the risk is being measured correctly, psychological factors shouldn't have any weight in the decision making process. 4. 2 Behavioral bias Behavioral biases in finance are tendencies to act in a certain way; they can lead someone to a systematic deviation from a standard of rationality or good Judgment. Five biases that we believe can be the most common ones in an investor are the following: 1. – Confirmation bias is the tendency that makes people believe in information only if confirms their beliefs and hypothesis. 2.Optimism bias is the tendency to think that you are less at risk of experiencing a negative event than others. 3. – Loss aversion bias is the tendency that agents take on when they prefer the option of avoiding a loss than the option of acquiring gains. 4. – Self-serving bias is the tendency to distort a process because of the need to maintain and enhance once self-esteem. 5. – Planning fallacy bias is the tendency to underestimate the time that it will take to complete a task. These are only some of the behavioral biases that play a significant factor in the psychological process of making decisions. It has to be taken into account that all of them could affect an investor 5.Conclusion â€Å"The human brain has evolved to be very efficient at pattern recognition, but as the confirmation bias shows, we are focused on finding and confirming patterns rather than minimizing our false conclusions. Yet we needn't be pessimist, for it is possible to overcome our prejudices. It is a start simply to realize that chance events, too, produce patterns. It is another great step if we learn to question our perceptions and our theories. Finally, we should learn to spend as much time looking for evidence that e are wrong as we spend searching for reasons we are correct. † (Millions, 2008). After looking at previous evidence, it is clear that both Private Bankers and Clients have a misconception about risk.Behavioral biases transform risk into fear which if not mitigated by Private Bankers leads to inefficient allocation in Client's portfolios, and a controlling position in their relationship. This is why Bankers usually oversee those investments that they are not familiar with and reject them or cause Clients to reject them without studying their process and risk/reward ratio. This is the case with vast majority of Alternative Investments. We encourage Clients to keep a critical point of view with regards to their portfolios and continuously question their Banker's recommendations. By being involved in their investment decisions and being up to date on current market trends Clients will have a correct attitude towards risk when it comes to investing.